Learning them in groups is easier. Past simple and past participle:
| pattern | base | past simple | past participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| all three the same | cut, put, let, hit, set, shut | cut, put, let… | cut, put, let… |
| cost, hurt, read* | cost, hurt, read* | cost, hurt, read* | |
| * read: written the same, pronounced “red” in the past | |||
| past = participle | buy, bring, think, fight, catch, teach | bought, brought, thought, fought, caught, taught | (same) |
| keep, sleep, feel, leave, meet, mean | kept, slept, felt, left, met, meant | (same) | |
| send, spend, build, lend, lose | sent, spent, built, lent, lost | (same) | |
| say, pay, lay, sell, tell, find, hold | said, paid, laid, sold, told, found, held | (same) | |
| stand, understand, sit, win, hear, hang | stood, understood, sat, won, heard, hung | (same) | |
| i – a – u | begin | began | begun |
| drink, sing, swim | drank, sang, swam | drunk, sung, swum | |
| ring, sink | rang, sank | rung, sunk | |
| run | ran | run | |
| participle in -n / -en | break, speak, choose, forget, wake | broke, spoke, chose, forgot, woke | broken, spoken, chosen, forgotten, woken |
| drive, ride, rise, give, eat, fall | drove, rode, rose, gave, ate, fell | driven, ridden, risen, given, eaten, fallen | |
| grow, throw, blow, fly, draw, show | grew, threw, blew, flew, drew, showed | grown, thrown, blown, flown, drawn, shown | |
| wear, tear, steal, hide, bite, forgive | wore, tore, stole, hid, bit, forgave | worn, torn, stolen, hidden, bitten, forgiven | |
| others | become, lie (lie down), light, dig, shine, forbid | became, lay, lit, dug, shone, forbade | become, lain, lit, dug, shone, forbidden |
Traps: lie – lay – lain (be lying down) ≠ lay – laid – laid (put something down) ≠ lie – lied – lied (not tell the truth). been vs gone: She has been to Paris (and came back) / She has gone to Paris (she is there now).
Translate the words from your reading, review them as flashcards and practise with gap-fill sentences.
wortlo.com →