Forma: be (en el tiempo necesario) + participio. Solo cambia «be»; el participio no cambia ni concuerda. Quien hace la acción se añade con by (por) solo si importa.
| tiempo | activa | pasiva |
|---|---|---|
| present simple | They build houses. | Houses are built. (Se construyen casas.) |
| present continuous | They are building a house. | A house is being built. (Se está construyendo una casa.) |
| past simple | They built it in 1900. | It was built in 1900. (Fue construida en 1900.) |
| past continuous | They were repairing the road. | The road was being repaired. (Estaban reparando la carretera.) |
| present perfect | They have sold the car. | The car has been sold. (El coche ha sido vendido.) |
| past perfect | They had cancelled the flight. | The flight had been cancelled. (El vuelo había sido cancelado.) |
| futuro | They will open the shop. | The shop will be opened. (La tienda será abierta.) |
| modal | You must sign the form. | The form must be signed. (El formulario debe firmarse.) |
| modal + pasado | Someone should have told him. | He should have been told. (Deberían habérselo dicho.) |
¿Por qué «has been built»? Es simplemente el present perfect de «be» (has been = ha sido) seguido del participio del verbo principal (built). Por eso las pasivas en tiempos compuestos siempre llevan been: has been / had been / will have been + participio.
La pasiva inglesa es mucho más frecuente que en español y a menudo equivale a la «pasiva refleja» con «se»: English is spoken here (aquí se habla inglés). Con dos complementos, la persona puede ser sujeto: I was given a present (me regalaron algo). She was told to wait (le dijeron que esperara).
Pasiva impersonal (prensa, informes): It is said that he is rich = He is said to be rich (se dice que es rico).
get + participio = pasiva coloquial para sucesos: He got injured (resultó herido). They got married (se casaron).
have / get something done = mandar hacer algo: I had my hair cut (me corté el pelo — en la peluquería). We're getting the car repaired (estamos llevando el coche a reparar).
Traduce las palabras de tus lecturas, repásalas con tarjetas y practica con frases para completar.
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