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Conjunctions and infinitive constructions

y → e, o → u

y becomes e before a word starting with the sound i: padre e hijo, español e inglés (but agua y hielo). o becomes u before the sound o: siete u ocho, uno u otro.

pero or sino?

pero = but (adds): Es caro, pero bueno. sino = but rather (corrects, after a negative): No es caro sino barato. — It's not expensive, it's cheap. With a conjugated verb: sino que: No lo compró, sino que lo alquiló. — He didn't buy it, he rented it.

porque or como?

porque after the main clause: No salgo porque llueve. como at the start: Como llueve, no salgo. — As it's raining, I'm not going out. More formal: ya que, puesto que.

meaningconjunctions
contrastaunque (see subjunctive), sin embargo, a pesar de (que)
timecuando, mientras, en cuanto, desde que, hasta que, antes de que + subj., después de que
resultasí que, por eso, por lo tanto
purposepara que + subj.

que is never left out (unlike English “that”): Dice que viene. — He says he's coming. Word order doesn't change in the subordinate clause.

Preposition + infinitive (same subject)

After a preposition, always the infinitive, never the gerund (English uses “-ing” here): Antes de salir, cierra la puerta. — Before leaving, close the door. Se fue sin decir nada. — He left without saying anything. Después de comer, en vez de trabajar, para aprender.

al + infinitive = when, as soon as: Al llegar, me llamó. — When he arrived, he called me.

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