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Present subjunctive: how to form it

Rule: take the yo form of the present, drop -o and add the “opposite” vowel: -ar → e, -er / -ir → a.

hablar (hablo)comer (como)vivir (vivo)
hable, hables, hable, hablemos, habléis, hablencoma, comas, coma, comamos, comáis, comanviva, vivas, viva, vivamos, viváis, vivan

Thanks to this rule, present-tense irregulars follow automatically: tener (tengo) → tenga, hacer (hago) → haga, decir (digo) → diga, conocer (conozco) → conozca, ver (veo) → vea, construir (construyo) → construya.

Stem-changing verbs: as in the present (quiera, quieras… queramos, queráis; pueda… podamos). -ir verbs also change in nosotros and vosotros: pedir → pida, pidamos; dormir → duerma, durmamos; sentir → sienta, sintamos.

Spelling: buscar → busque, llegar → llegue, empezar → empiece, coger → coja.

Six irregulars (their yo form doesn't end in -o): ser → sea, estar → esté, ir → vaya, haber → haya, saber → sepa, dar → dé.

These forms are also used for the imperative with usted / ustedes and for every negative imperative.

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