Forming the passive participle (trpni pridjev), which agrees like an adjective:
| infinitive | rule | participle (m. / f.) |
|---|---|---|
| napisati, prodati, oprati | -ati → -an | napisan / napisana |
| zatvoriti, otvoriti | -iti → -en | zatvoren / zatvorena |
| napraviti, kupiti, platiti, roditi, vidjeti | -iti / -jeti → -en with a change: v→vlj, p→plj, t→ć, d→đ | napravljen, kupljen, plaćen, rođen, viđen |
| uzeti, zauzeti, okrenuti | short verbs and -nuti → -t | uzet, zauzet, okrenut |
Passive tenses: just conjugate biti.
| example | translation | |
|---|---|---|
| present (result) | Kuća je izgrađena. | The house is built / has been built. |
| past | Kuća je bila izgrađena 1990. | The house was built in 1990. |
| future | Kuća će biti izgrađena. | The house will be built. |
| conditional | Kuća bi bila izgrađena. | The house would be built. |
Why “je izgrađena” can mean “has been built”: with a perfective verb, the participle already describes the result of a finished action. Adding bila places that result in the past.
The se-passive (the most common for an ongoing or general action): the verb agrees with the thing. Gradi se novi most. — A new bridge is being built. Ovdje se prodaju karte. — Tickets are sold here. Kuća se prodaje. — House for sale.
The agent “by” (od strane + G) is bureaucratic. People prefer the active, putting the object first thanks to the cases: Ovu knjigu je napisao Andrić. — This book was written by Andrić.
Translate the words from your reading, review them as flashcards and practise with gap-fill sentences.
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